Gambaran Faktor Risiko Lanjut Usia Terhadap Kematian Pasien COVID-19

Yoga Eko Saputra, Kartika Prahasanti, Afrita Amalia Laitupa, Detti Nur Irawati

Abstract


Dunia saat ini dikejutkan dengan wabah virus baru COVID-19 yang bermulai dari Wuhan, Provinsi Hubei yang menyebar dengan cepat hingga berbagai negara. Menanggapi masalah ini WHO menetapkan COVID-19 sebagai pandemi global. Virus ini dapat ditularkan dari manusia ke manusia dan telah menyebar secara luas di China dan lebih dari 190 negara dan teritori lainnya. Sampai tanggal 29 Maret 2020, terdapat 634.835 kasus dan 33.106 jumlah kematian di seluruh dunia. Sementara di Indonesia dilaporkan ditemukan sejumlah 2 kasus pada tanggal 2 Maret 2020 dan merupakan tingkat kematian tertinggi di Asia Tenggara. Kematian akibat COVID-19 dapat terjadi pada bayi hingga lanjut usia. Lanjut usia tetap menjadi faktor risiko kematian utama dibandingkan dengan usia yang lain dikarenakan beberapa faktor seperti gangguan kognitif, gangguan perilaku, dan sebagainya. Lanjut usia juga sering dikaitkan dengan penyakit komorbid seperti hipertensi dan diabetes. Tujuan penulisan ini untuk mengetahui gambaran faktor risiko lanjut usia terhadap kematian pasien dengan COVID-19 .


Keywords


COVID-19, Kematian, Faktor risiko, Pasien Geriatri, Lanjut usia .

Full Text:

PDF

References


Allender, J.A., Rector, C., & Warner, K.D. 2014. Community Dan Public Health Nursing Promoting the Publics Health (8th Ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Ann Allender, Judith, Cherie Rector, and Kristine D. Warner. 2013. Community and Public Health Nursing: Promoting the Publics Health Community and Public Health Nursing: Promoting the Publics Health.

Aspiani. 2014. Buku Ajar Asuhan Keperawatan Klien Gangguan Kardiovaskular Aplikasi NIC & NOC. EGC.

Azizah, Rohmatul, and Rita Dwi Hartanti. 2016. Hubungan Antara Tingkat Stress Dengan Kualitas Hidup Lansia Hipertensi Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Wonopringgo Pekalongan. Jurnal Universyty Reseach Coloquium: 26178.

Badan Pusat Statistik. 2013. Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia Population Projection 2010 2035. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.

Barnes, Betsy J. et al. 2020. Targeting Potential Drivers of COVID-19: Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Journal of Experimental Medicine 217(6): 17.

Brooks, George F, Ernest Jawetz, Joseph L Melnick, and Edward A Adelberg. 2013. Jawetz, Melnick & Adelbergs Medical Microbiology.

Chan, Jasper Fuk Woo et al. 2020. Genomic Characterization of the 2019 Novel Human-Pathogenic Coronavirus Isolated from a Patient with Atypical Pneumonia after Visiting Wuhan. Emerging Microbes and Infections 9(1): 22136.

Chen, Huijun et al. 2020. Clinical Characteristics and Intrauterine Vertical Transmission Potential of COVID-19 Infection in Nine Pregnant Women: A Retrospective Review of Medical Records. The Lancet 395(10226): 80915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3.

Chuan Qin, Luoqi Zhou, Ziwei Hu, and Shuoqi Zhang. 2017. Dysregulation of Immune Response in Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China Chuan. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 53(9): 168999.

Cucinotta, Domenico, and Maurizio Vanelli. 2020. WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic. Acta Biomedica 91(1): 15760.

Culp, William C. 2020. Coronavirus Disease 2019. A & A Practice 14(6): e01218.

Depsos RI. 2012. Peraturan Menteri Sosial Republik Indonesia.

Doremalen, Van, Bushmaker, and Morris. 2020. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. The New England Journal of Medicine: 03.

Garnier-Crussard, Antoine, Emmanuel Forestier, Thomas Gilbert, and Pierre Krolak-Salmon. 2020. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Epidemic: What Are the Risks for Older Patients? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 68(5): 93940.

Gorbalenya, Alexander E. et al. 2020. The Species Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus: Classifying 2019-NCoV and Naming It SARS-CoV-2. Nature Microbiology 5(4): 53644.

Guo, Xi-zhi J, and Paul G Thomas. 2017. New Fronts Emerge in the Influenza Cytokine Storm.

Hamming, I. et al. 2004. Tissue Distribution of ACE2 Protein, the Functional Receptor for SARS Coronavirus. A First Step in Understanding SARS Pathogenesis. Journal of Pathology 203(2): 63137.

Holshue, Michelle L. et al. 2020. First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine 382(10): 92936.

Hu, Xianming et al. 2004. Short Term Outcome and Risk Factors for Mortality in Adults with Critical Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology - Medical Science 24(5): 51417.

Johannesen, Mark, and Dina Logiudice. 2013. Elder Abuse: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors in Community-Dwelling Elders. Age and Ageing 42(3): 29298.

Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 2020a. Pedoman Dan Pencegahan Coronavirus (COVID- 19). Math Didactic: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika 4: 1214.

. 2020b. Pedoman Pencegahan Dan Pengendalian COVID-19. Pedoman kesiapan menghadapi COVID-19: 0115.

Li, Geng et al. 2020. Coronavirus Infections and Immune Responses. Journal of Medical Virology 92(4): 42432.

Li, Ping et al. 2020. Clinical Features and Short-Term Outcomes of Elderly Patients with COVID-19. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 97: 24550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.107.

Li, Qun et al. 2020. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine 382(13): 11991207.

Li, Xiaowei et al. 2020. Molecular Immune Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of COVID-19. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis 10(2): 1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.001.

Liu, Kai, Ying Chen, Ruzheng Lin, and Kunyuan Han. 2020. Clinical Features of COVID-19 in Elderly Patients: A Comparison with Young and Middle-Aged Patients. Journal of Infection 80(6): e1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005.

Liu, Ying, Albert A. Gayle, Annelies Wilder-Smith, and Joacim Rocklv. 2020. The Reproductive Number of COVID-19 Is Higher Compared to SARS Coronavirus. Journal of Travel Medicine 27(2): 16.

Miller, C.A. 2012. Nursing for Wellness in Older Adult: Theory and Practice (6th Ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Nugroho. 2008. Keperawatan Gerontik & Geriatrik Edisi 3. EGC.

Ong, Sean Wei Xiang et al. 2020. Air, Surface Environmental, and Personal Protective Equipment Contamination by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a Symptomatic Patient. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association 323(16): 161012.

Rahman. 2016. Faktor-Faktor Yang Mendasari Stres Pada Lansia. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan UPI 16(1): 124302.

RI, Pusat Data dan Informasi Kemenkes. 2013. Gambaran Kesehatan Lanjut Usia Di Indonesia. Buletin Jendela Data dan Informasi Kesehatan ISSN 2088-.

Rothan, Hussin A., and Siddappa N. Byrareddy. 2020. The Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity 109(February): 102433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433.

Sherwood, Lauralee. 2014. Fisiologi Manusia : Dari Sel Ke Sistem. Edisi 8. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology School of Medicine West Virginia University.

Siti Nur Kholifah. 2016. Buku Ajar Keperawatan Georontik. Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.

Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. 2016. Public Health Nursing Population Centered Health Care in the Community (9th Ed.). Missouri: Elsevier.

Supartondo, and Sari NK. Elder Mistreatment/ Salah Perlakuan Terhadap Orang Tua. In: Sudoyo AW, Setiyohadi B, Alwi I, Simadibrata M, Setiati S,. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam 4th ed. Jakarta: Pusat Penerbitan IPD FKUI; 2006. p.1457-1460.

Tao Ai MD, PhD, PhD Zhenlu Yang MD, MD Hongyan Hou, and Chenao Zhan MD. 2020. Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases. 80(2): 18.

United Nations Population Division. 2011. World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision. Population and Development Review I.

Wang, Dawei et al. 2020. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association 323(11): 106169.

Wang, Yixuan, Yuyi Wang, Yan Chen, and Qingsong Qin. 2020. Unique Epidemiological and Clinical Features of the Emerging 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19) Implicate Special Control Measures. Journal of Medical Virology 92(6): 56876.

WHO. 2020. Novel Coronavirus ( 2019-NCoV ). WHO Bulletin (JANUARY): 17. https://www.who.int/china/news/detail/22-01-2020-field-visit-wuhan-china-jan-2020%0D.

De Wit, Emmie, Neeltje Van Doremalen, Darryl Falzarano, and Vincent J. Munster. 2016. SARS and MERS: Recent Insights into Emerging Coronaviruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology 14(8): 52334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81.

World Health Organization. 2020a. Critical Preparedness , Readiness and Response Actions for COVID-19 . (March): 13.

. 2020b. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 1(February): 40. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf.

Xiao, Fei et al. 2020. Evidence for Gastrointestinal Infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology 158(6): 1831-1833.e3. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.055.

Xu, Hao et al. 2020. High Expression of ACE2 Receptor of 2019-NCoV on the Epithelial Cells of Oral Mucosa. International Journal of Oral Science 12(1): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x.

Z, Wu, and McGoogan JM. 2020. Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19) Outbreak in China. Jama 2019: 10.1001/jama.2020.2648.

Zhang, Haibo et al. 2020. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 Receptor: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Target. Intensive Care Medicine 46(4): 58690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-05985-9.

Zhang, Tao, Qunfu Wu, and Zhigang Zhang. 2020. Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak. Current Biology 30(7): 1346-1351.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022.

Zhou, Peng et al. 2020. A Pneumonia Outbreak Associated with a New Coronavirus of Probable Bat Origin. Nature 579(7798): 27073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7.

Zhu, Na et al. 2020. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. : 17.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.30596/jph.v2i2.6402

DOI (PDF): https://doi.org/10.30596/jph.v2i2.6402.g5597

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Alamat Pengelola: Gedung Kampus 1 Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara (UMSU) Lantai II, Laboratorium Farmakologi dan Terapi Fakultas Kedokteran UMSU Jalan Gedung Arca No. 53 Medan Sumatera Utara Indonesia, Kode Pos 20217.

Kontak (WA): 0812-6208-2844

E-mail: jurnalpanduhusada@umsu.ac.id