Latest Pharmacological Therapies in Allergic Rhinitis

Abstract

Abstract: Allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa due to a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction that has a major impact on the quality of life and the global economy. This study aims to review the pathophysiological mechanisms and evaluate the effectiveness of current pharmacological therapies to support more personalized and evidence-based treatment. The method used was a systematic literature review of 2021–2025 publications from the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, including clinical studies, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews. Results show that second-generation antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids, and combination therapies such as GSP301 are effective in controlling symptoms. Additional approaches, such as cromolyn sodium, montelukast, and ipratropium bromide, as well as biologic agents (omalizumab and dupilumab), show promising results, especially in severe or resistant cases. SCIT and SLIT immunotherapies have also been shown to be effective with good safety and compliance profiles. The MASK-air data and the ARIA–EAACI guidelines support a phased and individualized approach to therapy. In conclusion, pharmacological therapy of allergic rhinitis continues to evolve towards more effective, safe, and personalized treatment, with multidisciplinary collaboration as the key to improving patients' quality of life.