Ekonomikawan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan
Ekonomikawan : Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan is published by the Development Economics Department, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, with register numbers ISSN 1693-7600 (Print) and 2598-0157 (Online). Published twice a year (July and December) Jurnal Ekonomikawan is a scientific journal that contains the results of research and theoretical studies on economic and development issues. Papers presented in Jurnal Ekonomikawan are solely the authors responsibility. The editorial board may edit without changing the substance of the paper. Accredited by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia, Decree Number 0173/C3/DT.05.00/2025 (2024-2028). which has been indexed by Sinta 5.
Analisis Determinan Kemiskinan Kabupaten di Pulau Sumatera
Despite being the second-largest contributor to Indonesia's national GDP, district-level poverty in Sumatra Island remains persistent, averaging 3–5 percentage points higher than urban areas, indicating that economic growth does not automatically reduce poverty at the district level. This study analyzes the determinants of district-level poverty in Sumatra Island during 2015–2025 using panel data from 120 districts across 10 provinces, estimated through the Fixed Effect Model (FEM). Four variables were examined: education, agricultural workers, food expenditure, and access to clean drinking water. Results show that education and clean water access significantly reduce poverty, while a high share of agricultural workers worsens it. Food expenditure is insignificant. The model demonstrates strong explanatory power (Adjusted R²=0.944). Policy implications emphasize expanding secondary education, diversifying employment beyond agriculture, and prioritizing clean water infrastructure in high-poverty districts.
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Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pengangguran di ASEAN Tahun 2020-2023
Unemployment is a significant economic issue in ASEAN countries, serving as a key indicator of economic development and community welfare. Unresolved unemployment can lead to economic instability, declining economic growth and reduced welfare. This research purposes to analyze the impact of gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, foreign direct investment (FDI) and exchange rates on unemployment in ASEAN countries from 2020 to 2023. Panel data regression analysis is the methodology employed in this investigation. The Chow, Hausman, and Lagrange Multiplier (LM) tests were performed to identify the optimal model. The Random Effect Model (REM) was determined to be the best model based on these three experiments. The t-test result in the REM show that inflation has a negative and significant effect on ASEAN unemployment in 2020-2023, while gross domestic product (GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI) and exchange rates have no impact on unemployment in ASEAN in 2020-2023. Based on this study, in order to reduce unemployment, government policies need to be more focused and structured, with an emphasis on increasing labor-intensive sectors, developing rural infrastructure, improving industry-based training and improving the quality of human resources.
Analisis Dampak Hilangnya Pendapatan Pengendara Bermotor Akibat Kemacetan di Kota Pekanbaru dengan Pendekatan Willingness to Accept (WTA)
The rapid growth of motor vehicle ownership that is not matched by road capacity has made traffic congestion a major issue in Pekanbaru City. This condition may generate economic losses through increased fuel consumption, loss of productive time, and reduced welfare of road users. This study aims to estimate the economic losses caused by traffic congestion in Pekanbaru City in terms of fuel expenditure, income loss, and the Willingness to Accept (WTA) value of motorists. The research employed a descriptive quantitative approach with an infinite population and a sample of 150 respondents determined using Cochran’s formula. Data were collected through questionnaires using a convenience sampling technique. The analytical methods included a comparison of fuel expenditures under congested and uncongested traffic conditions, estimation of income losses based on lost productive time, and the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to assess WTA values. The results indicate that economic losses due to excessive fuel consumption reached IDR 1,379,752,581,525 per year, equivalent to 0.81% of Pekanbaru City's Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). Estimated income losses resulting from wasted productive time amounted to IDR 2,871,824,868,480 per year. Meanwhile, the total WTA value of motorists regarding traffic congestion was estimated at IDR 4,493,955,747,016.68 per year. If distributed evenly, these losses are equivalent to approximately IDR 11.9 million per capita annually, or nearly 8.1% of Pekanbaru City's per capita income in 2024. These findings indicate that traffic congestion imposes a substantial economic burden and highlight the need for more effective transportation policies to improve urban mobility efficiency.
Distorsi Harga di Sektor Pertanian: Studi Empiris Menggunakan VECM
This study aims to analyze the general equilibrium in the food commodity price system and farmers' welfare in Indonesia using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) approach. The urgency of this research lies in the persistent price volatility and the paradox of stagnant farmer welfare despite rising commodity prices. The study focuses on short-term and long-term relationships between the price of medium-quality rice (MQP) as the endogenous variable and other variables including premium-quality rice, poor-quality rice, corn, potatoes, broiler chicken, and the Farmer’s Terms of Trade (NTP). Monthly data from January 2021 to December 2023 were obtained from BPS. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test results indicate that most variables are I(1), fulfilling the requirements for the Johansen cointegration test and VECM estimation. The results reveal cointegration among variables, indicating a general equilibrium relationship within the commodity system. Several variables, such as chicken and corn prices, significantly influence medium rice prices in both the short and long run. These findings highlight the existence of price distortion and strong market interdependence within Indonesia's agricultural system. Therefore, price policies and market interventions must account for cross-commodity linkages to maintain market stability and improve farmer welfare.
Demokrasi Parlemen Wanita Terhadap FDI Di Indonesia
This research is motivated by the importance of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as a source of development financing and a driver of regional economic growth in Indonesia, as well as the ongoing debate regarding the influence of political and economic factors on foreign investment flows. This study aims to analyze the influence of democracy, women's representation in politics, and economic factors on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Indonesia. The independent variables used include the democracy index, women's leadership, women's representation in parliament, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) in the mining sector, the open unemployment rate, and the provincial minimum wage. This study uses a quantitative approach with panel data and the Random Effect Model (REM) estimation method as the best model based on the model selection test. The results show that the variables of democracy, women's leadership, and women's representation do not have a significant effect on FDI. In contrast, economic variables have a stronger influence. GRDP in the mining sector and the provincial minimum wage have a positive and significant effect on FDI, while the open unemployment rate has a negative and significant effect. Simultaneously, all variables in the model have a significant effect on FDI, although the coefficient of determination indicates that there are still other factors outside the model that influence foreign investment. This finding confirms that the stability and strength of economic fundamentals are more important considerations for investors than political representation in attracting foreign investment flows.
Peran MBG dalam Mengembangkan Kapasitas UMKM dan Mendorong Pertumbuhan Lapangan Pekerjaan
The Free Nutritious Food Program (MBG), launched by the government on January 6, 2025, aims to improve the nutritional quality of the community while stimulating local economic growth by empowering Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). This study aims to analyze the role of the MBG program in increasing the capacity of MSMEs and encouraging job creation in the region. This study uses a literature review with a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were obtained from various scientific journals, academic articles, and scientific publications relevant to the research topic. The results show that the MBG program has a positive impact on MSME development through increased production capacity, stable business income, and improved business management. The MBG program also encourages the creation of new jobs in the food production, distribution, and processing sectors. Furthermore, the increased demand for food through the MBG program also impacts the local agricultural and trade sectors, thereby stimulating the regional economy. However, the implementation of the MBG program still faces various challenges, such as limited MSME production capacity, food distribution, and long-term funding. Overall, the MBG program can be an effective strategy to strengthen MSMEs and support sustainable regional economic growth.
Determinan Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup di Indonesia : Analisis Data Panel Propinsi di Indonesia Tahun 2020-2024
This study aimed to analyse the influence of regional economic growth, population density, and human development on environmental quality in Indonesia. The study was motivated by the fluctuating environmental quality across Indonesian provinces despite increasing economic activity and human development. Data collected from 33 provinces in Indonesia covering the 2020–2024 period were utilised in this study. The information was sourced from Statistics Indonesia together with the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The analysis was conducted by applying panel regression through a fixed effect framework. The results indicate that both regional economic growth and human development exert a positive and statistically significant effect on environmental quality. Meanwhile, population density has a negative but insignificant influence on environmental quality. The study reveals that improvements in economic activity and human development can support better environmental quality when accompanied by effective environmental governance and sustainable development practices. Therefore, improving environmental quality requires stronger environmental regulations, environmentally friendly technological development, and sustainable human resource improvement.
Valuasi Ekonomi Sektor Perikanan dan Pariwisata Kawasan Waduk PLTA Koto Panjang di Kecamatan XIII Koto Kampar
The Koto Panjang hydropower reservoir is located in Kampar Regency, Riau Province, which is used for various community needs such as hydropower, fisheries and tourism. However, the use of the Koto Panjang hydropower reservoir for the fisheries and tourism sectors has not been economically measurable, so it is necessary to conduct a study on the amount of economic value of the use of the reservoir as the basis for sustainable management efforts. This research was conducted in May – July 2025 with the aim of calculating the economic value of the fisheries and tourism sectors in the Koto Panjang Hydropower Reservoir area. The method used for the fisheries sector with a floating net cage system (KJA) is the market price method (Market Price Method) while for the tourism sector with the travel cost method (Travel Cost Method). The data used in this study is primary data in the form of a questionnaire with a total population of 10 people for the fisheries sector and a sample of 100 people for the tourism sector. The results of the study show that the economic valuation of the Koto Panjang hydropower reservoir area from the fisheries sector with the Floating Net Cage (KJA) system is Rp 3,147,747,000 per year with a total fishery production of 188,820 kg/year or Rp. 16,670 kg/year. Meanwhile, the economic valuation value of the tourism sector is Rp. 102,063,866,780,- per year with the average travel cost of respondents/visits of Rp. 201,400.
Regenerasi Petani pada Usahatani Gula Kelapa Kecamatan Kutasari Kabupaten Purbalingga
Farmer regeneration has become a major challenge in agricultural development due to the declining interest of young people in continuing family farming businesses. This issue is also evident in coconut sugar farming in Kutasari District, Purbalingga Regency, which may threaten the sustainability of the industry in the future. This study aimed to analyze the factors influencing farmer regeneration in coconut sugar farming in Kutasari District, Purbalingga Regency. A quantitative survey method was employed, involving 96 children of coconut sugar farmers selected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. The results revealed that age, income, and farming experience had a positive and significant effect on farmer regeneration, while education level and gender had a negative and significant effect. Therefore, efforts to strengthen farmer regeneration should focus on increasing farm income, encouraging youth participation in agricultural activities from an early age, and promoting innovation and technology adoption to enhance the attractiveness of coconut sugar farming as a sustainable livelihood.
Pengaruh Pengangguran, Upah Minimum dan Pertumbuhan Penduduk Terhadap Kemiskinan Di Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Tahun 2018-2024
This study was conducted to analyze the impact of high unemployment rates, the Regency/Municipal Minimum Wage (UMK), and population growth on poverty levels in Poverty remains a major development challenge in Indonesia, including in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY), which consistently recorded the highest poverty rate among provinces on Java Island during the 2018–2024 period. This condition highlights the need to identify factors influencing poverty, particularly unemployment, Regency/Municipal Minimum Wage (UMK), and population growth. This study aims to analyze the effects of unemployment, UMK, and population growth on poverty levels in the Special Region of Yogyakarta from 2018 to 2024. The study employs panel data covering five regencies/cities in the province during the 2018–2024 period. The data used are secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The analysis was conducted using panel data regression with the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) approach through Stata 17 software. The results indicate that unemployment has a positive and significant effect on poverty. Meanwhile, UMK has a negative and significant effect on poverty levels. On the other hand, population growth has a positive and significant effect on poverty. These findings may serve as a reference for local governments in formulating more effective and targeted poverty alleviation policies.
Analisis Pengaruh BI Rate dan Inflasi Terhadap Non-Performing Loan (NPL) pada Bank Umum di Indonesia
Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) are an important indicator of banking soundness that reflect credit quality and financial system stability. Changes in macroeconomic conditions, particularly inflation and Bank Indonesia's benchmark interest rate (BI Rate), may affect borrowers' ability to meet their credit obligations and consequently influence NPL levels. This study aims to analyze the effect of the BI Rate and inflation on NPLs in commercial banks in Indonesia. A quantitative approach was employed using 20 monthly time-series observations from January 2024 to August 2025. The data were obtained from official publications of Bank Indonesia, the Financial Services Authority, and Statistics Indonesia. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression with SPSS, including classical assumption tests, t-tests, F-tests, and the coefficient of determination (R²). The results indicate that the BI Rate has a negative and significant effect on NPLs, with a significance value of 0.002 (<0.05). Meanwhile, inflation does not have a significant effect on NPLs, with a significance value of 0.260 (>0.05). Simultaneously, the BI Rate and inflation significantly affect NPLs, with a significance value of 0.006 (<0.05), explaining 45.2% of the variation in NPLs. These findings suggest that monetary policy and macroeconomic conditions play an important role in maintaining credit quality and banking stability in Indonesia.
Pengaruh Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja, Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Terhadap Kemiskinan 38 Kabupaten/Kota di Propinsi Jawa Timur Tahun 2021-2025
Poverty in East Java remains a serious problem, with 3.89 million people living in poverty (9.56 percent) as of September 2024, accompanied by a striking gap between urban areas (6.83 percent) and rural areas (13.19 percent). This study analyzes the effect of the Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Open Unemployment Rate (OUR), and Economic Growth on poverty in 38 districts/cities in East Java Province for the 2021–2025 period using panel data regression with 190 observations employing a Random Effects Model (REM). The results show that LFPR and Economic Growth have a negative and significant effect on poverty, while OUR has a positive and significant effect. The three variables together explain 40.23 percent of the variation in poverty between regions. These findings imply the need for policies to increase productive labor participation, control unemployment, and promote inclusive economic growth as poverty alleviation strategies in East Java.
Pengaruh PDRB Per Kapita, Angka Partisipasi Kasar Perguruan Tinggi dan Jaminan Kesehatan Terhadap IPM di 13 Provinsi Indonesia Timur Tahun 2020-2024
The Human Development Index (HDI) is used as a key indicator to assess the level of success of human development in a region, covering three main dimensions: a long and healthy life, education, and a decent standard of living. However, HDI scores in the 13 provinces of Eastern Indonesia remain lower than those in Western Indonesia. This study aims to analyse the influence of Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) per capita, the Gross Enrolment Ratio in Higher Education, and Health Insurance on the HDI in 13 provinces in Eastern Indonesia for the period 2020-2024. This study employs a quantitative approach using panel data comprising cross-sectional data from the 13 provinces and time-series data for the years 2020-2024. The data used are secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency. Based on the results of the panel data regression analysis, it can be concluded that the selected method is the Fixed Effects Model (FEM). The results of the study indicate that GDP per capita has a positive and significant effect on the HDI, the Gross Enrolment Rate in Higher Education has a positive and significant effect on the HDI, and Health Coverage has a positive and significant effect on the HDI. Meanwhile, simultaneously, Per Capita GRDP, the Gross Enrolment Rate in Higher Education, and Health Coverage have a significant effect on the Human Development Index in 13 provinces of Eastern Indonesia for the period 2020-2024.
Pengaruh Transfer Fiskal Pemerintah Pusat terhadap Kinerja Pembangunan Daerah: Bukti Empiris dari Empat Kabupaten di Pulau Sumba
Regional development in Sumba Island has continued to face various challenges, particularly development disparities and a high dependence on fiscal transfers from the central government. This study aimed to examine the effect of fiscal transfers on regional development performance in four regencies of Sumba Island, namely East Sumba, West Sumba, Central Sumba, and Southwest Sumba, during the 2021–2025 period. The fiscal transfers analysed in this study consisted of the General Allocation Fund, the Special Allocation Fund, and the Revenue-Sharing Fund. Regional development performance was assessed using the Human Development Index and the Gross Regional Domestic Product. This study employed a quantitative approach using secondary data obtained from the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia and Statistics Indonesia. The data were analysed through multiple linear regression to identify the influence of each fiscal transfer component on regional development indicators. The results indicate that the General Allocation Fund and the Special Allocation Fund do not have a significant effect on either the Human Development Index or the Gross Regional Domestic Product. In contrast, the Revenue-Sharing Fund has a significant effect on both indicators, although the relationship is negative. Simultaneously, the three fiscal transfer components significantly influence regional development performance in the four regencies of Sumba Island. This study concludes that fiscal transfers remain an important instrument in supporting regional development. However, more effective management and utilisation of transferred funds are required to maximise their contribution to improving community welfare and promoting regional economic growth.
Analisis Ketimpangan Distribusi Pendapatan dan Dampaknya terhadap Kemiskinan di Indonesia
Poverty and income distribution inequality remain the main challenges in Indonesia's economic development process. Although various macroeconomic indicators show improvement, the benefits of development have not yet been fully felt evenly by all segments of society. This research aims to analyze the development of income distribution inequality in Indonesia and examine the impact of income distribution inequality, economic growth, open unemployment rate, and the Human Development Index (HDI) on the poverty rate. The research uses a quantitative approach by utilizing panel data from 34 provinces in Indonesia during the period 2021–2025 obtained from the Central Statistics Agency. The analysis is conducted using panel data regression with the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) approach. The research results show that income distribution inequality in Indonesia fluctuated during the observation period, while the poverty rate tended to decrease. Partially, the Gini Ratio variable, economic growth, open unemployment rate, and HDI do not have a significant effect on the poverty rate. However, simultaneously, all independent variables have a significant impact on poverty. These findings indicate that the reduction of poverty is not determined by a single factor, but rather is the result of the interaction of various economic and social aspects occurring simultaneously. Therefore, poverty alleviation policies need to be designed comprehensively thru the strengthening of human resource quality, the creation of job opportunities, the equitable distribution of income, and more inclusive economic growth.
Pengaruh Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka, Indeks Pembangunan Manusia, dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Terhadap Upah Minimum Kabupaten dan Kota di Jawa Timur Tahun 2021-2025
The Regency and City Minimum Wage is an important government policy to protect the right of workers to earn sufficient income, especially in ensuring a decent quality of life. The Regency and City Minimum Wage acts as a safeguard so that workers' wages are not low compared to the minimum living needs. This condition shows the need to identify factors that affect the Regency and City Minimum Wage..This study aims to partially and simultaneously examine the influence of Open Unemployment Rate, Human Development Index, and Economic Growth on Minumum Wage in Regency and City in East Java in 2021-2025. The research is quantitative and the panel data analysis model is Fixed Effet Model (FEM) using the Panel Least Square (PLS) method. The type of data used is a combination of time series (2021-2025 period) and cross section (38 regency and city) sourced from the Central Statistics Agency of East Jawa Province. Analyze data and test with the help of the Eviews 13 program. The Open Unemployment Rate (TPT) has a negative and significant effect on the Minimum Wage of Regency amd City. The Human Development Index (IPM) has a positive and significant effect on the Minimum Wage of Regency and City. Economic Growth has a positive and insignificant effect on the Minimum Wage of Regency and City. The results of the Coefficient of Determination Test showed that the bound variable could explained by free variation with a statistical model of 98%.
Analisis Dinamika Pengangguran dan Kemiskinan di Propinsi Sumatera Utara
Poverty remains a major challenge in economic development in North Sumatra Province, as a province with a large population and diverse natural and human resource potentials, while having a strategic position in the national economy. However, achieving equitable welfare still faces many challenges and the dynamics of poverty rates are still fluctuating from year to year. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of poverty and the factors that influence it. The research uses 10 years of time series data obtained secondarily. The analysis model is Multiple Linear Regression and correlation test. The analysis results show that the Open Unemployment Rate has a positive effect on the poverty rate. Life Expectancy and Average Years of Schooling have a negative effect on poverty. These findings indicate that reducing unemployment and improving public health quality are key factors in lowering poverty rates in North Sumatra. This study provides important implications for the formulation of integrated policies to sustainably improve community welfare.
Analisis Pasar Kerja Formal dan Pengangguran Sukarela Generasi Z di Sumatera Utara
Generation Z (born 1997–2012) in North Sumatra is entering the labor market amid structural shifts and post-pandemic economic growth. North Sumatra faces critical challenges in absorbing young workers into the formal sector. This research aims to identify various factors that hinder Generation Z from obtaining jobs in the formal sector. The analysis focuses on the structural mismatch between the competencies possessed by the young workforce and the needs of the labor market, as well as the misalignment between Generation Z's work preferences and the organizational culture characteristics in the formal sector. This study is based on employment data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The analysis results show that although key sectors, such as agriculture and manufacturing industry, contribute significantly to the regional economy and the creation of formal jobs, the level of Generation Z's involvement in these sectors still faces various obstacles. These obstacles include the limited readiness of technical competencies that align with industry needs, the characteristics of formal work culture that tend to be less flexible, and the increasing tendency of Generation Z to choose gig economy jobs that offer greater flexibility and work autonomy. These findings indicate the presence of structural and cultural challenges that affect the integration process of Generation Z into the formal labor market.
Analisis Peranan Posyandu Terhadap Pencegahan Stunting pada Balita di Kampung Pegat Bukur dalam Perspektif Human Capital Theory
Stunting remains one of the major public health challenges in Indonesia, significantly affecting the quality of human resources and sustainable national development. It is caused by chronic malnutrition during the first 1,000 days of life and has long-term impacts on children's physical growth, cognitive development, productivity, and future economic potential. Integrated Health Service Posts (Posyandu) play a strategic role as community-based health service providers in preventing stunting through growth monitoring, nutrition and health education, supplementary feeding programs, and early detection of growth disorders. This study aims to analyze the role of Posyandu in preventing stunting among children under five in Pegat Bukur Village and to identify the supporting and inhibiting factors influencing the implementation of stunting prevention programs from the perspective of Human Capital Theory. This research employed a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation to collect data from eight informants selected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using the interactive model of Miles and Huberman, including data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing, supported by source and technique triangulation to ensure data validity. The findings reveal that Posyandu Melati plays a significant role in preventing stunting through regular child growth monitoring, health and nutrition education, supplementary feeding, home visits, and referral services for children at risk of stunting. Supporting factors include active community health volunteers, support from the village government, and assistance from the local health center, while inhibiting factors consist of limited public awareness of stunting, inadequate facilities, parents' work commitments, and low attendance of some mothers at Posyandu activities. From the perspective of Human Capital Theory, Posyandu represents an investment in health and nutrition that contributes to improving the quality of human resources, increasing productivity, and supporting sustainable economic development toward the realization of Indonesia Golden 2045.
Analisis Efektivitas dan Efisiensi Alokasi Dana Kampung Terhadap Pembangunan Kampung Sei Bebanir Bangun Kecamatan Sambaliung
Effective and efficient management of Village Fund Allocation (VFA) plays a crucial role in supporting regional development, improving community welfare, and promoting good village governance. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of Village Fund Allocation management in supporting development in Sei Bebanir Bangun Village, Sambaliung District, Berau Regency, during the 2021–2025 period. The study employed a quantitative descriptive method with a case study approach. Data were collected through documentation of the Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBKam) reports, field observations, and interviews with the Village Head, village officials, the Village Consultative Body (BPK), and community members. Data were analyzed using effectiveness and efficiency ratios based on the Decree of the Minister of Home Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia No. 690.900-327 of 1996. The results indicate that the management of the Village Fund Allocation was effective, with an average budget realization rate of 94.40% over the five-year period. The effectiveness level increased from 83.02% in 2021 to 99.79% in 2025, indicating an improvement in the village government's capacity to implement development programs in accordance with the planned objectives
Penguatan Kapasitas Masyarakat Melalui Penerapan Model Koperasi Berkelanjutan di Malaysia
Cooperatives serve as a key instrument for economic development, playing a vital role in enhancing community well-being through principles of economic democracy, member participation, and shared ownership. In Malaysia, the cooperative sector has evolved to support national economic development, driven by various government policies and initiatives to strengthen member capacity. This study aims to analyze the role of the sustainable cooperative model in bolstering community capacity in Malaysia. Employing a literature review methodology, the study examines scholarly journals, books, government reports, and cooperative organization documents. The findings indicate that sustainable cooperatives in Malaysia contribute to improved financial literacy, entrepreneurial development, strengthened organizational governance, the adoption of digital technologies, and the achievement of sustainable development goals. The success of cooperatives in Malaysia is underpinned by robust regulations and social innovations tailored to community needs. This model offers a valuable reference for developing nations—including Indonesia—seeking to strengthen the role of cooperatives as instruments for community empowerment and sustainable economic development.
Pengaruh Usaha Peternakan dan Usaha Pertanian terhadap Pendapatan Rumah Tangga di Desa Werdhi Agung Timur Kecamatan Dumoga Tengah Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow
Livestock and agricultural activities are the main sources of livelihood for rural communities and play an important role in shaping household income. In Werdhi Agung Timur Village, Dumoga Tengah District, Bolaang Mongondow Regency, both sectors serve as the economic foundation of the community but continue to face challenges such as limited capital, commodity price fluctuations, and climate uncertainty that may affect household income levels. This study aims to analyze the effects of livestock and agricultural businesses on household income. A quantitative approach was employed using a survey method involving 36 respondents selected through a census technique. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression model with the assistance of SPSS software. The results indicate that livestock business has a positive and significant effect on household income, with an elasticity coefficient of 0.441 and a significance value of 0.000. Agricultural business also has a positive and significant effect on household income, with an elasticity coefficient of 0.624 and a significance value of 0.000. Simultaneously, both variables significantly affect household income, as indicated by an F-statistic of 279.521 and a significance level of 0.000. The Adjusted R Square value of 0.941 indicates that livestock and agricultural businesses explain 94.1% of the variation in household income. The findings suggest that the integration of agricultural and livestock activities is an effective strategy for increasing income and strengthening the economic resilience of rural households. Therefore, integrated development of both sectors should be promoted through policies that support productivity improvement, access to capital, and market expansion for rural communities.
Analisis Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal Berbasis Ekowisata Wilayah Transit: Studi Kasus Desa Batu-Batu, Berau
Local economic development studies rarely focus on tourism buffer zones or transit corridors. Tourism planning without comprehensive market analysis poses a high risk of structural failure. This study aims to formulate an integrative local economic development strategy in Batu-Batu Transit Village, Berau Regency. The research applies a mixed-methods design using a sequential explanatory approach. Primary data collection involves eighteen transit informants selected via purposive sampling along the highway. The results reveal a significant information asymmetry and operational mismatch; although the village owns the "Taman Puri" ecotourism facility, its low visibility from the main road axis and delayed MSME operating hours cause high economic leakage. The SWOT matrix synthesis recommends rural livelihood diversification by establishing a main-road information hub, shifting MSME operational hours to morning peak times, and securing formal partnerships with local travel agencies under BUMDes management.
Analisis Kelayakan dan Strategi Pengembangan Agribisnis Kopra di Kabupaten Kepulauan Selayar
Selayar is the pre-eminent producer of coconut in South Sulawesi. In order to ascertain the financial worth of the coconut, the farmer must process it into kopra. A number of issues are frequently encountered by farmers during the production process. Firstly, the use of traditional tools results in products that are not optimally efficient. Secondly, there is a reliance on weather conditions. Thirdly, the quality of raw materials is unstable. Fourthly, prices are erratic and costs are relatively high. Finally, there are limited marketing opportunities. The objective of this study is to determine the viability of the enterprise, and to identify the necessary strategies for its development. The present study employs a quantitative research methodology. The findings of the research indicate that the net present value (NPV) of the project is Rp 171,257,895, with an internal rate of return (IRR) of 49.5% and a net benefit-to-cost ratio (B/C) of 4.425%. These results suggest that the venture involving the processing of coconut is a worthwhile undertaking. Meanwhile, the Growth Oriented Strategy (GOS) is positioned in quadrant 1 (one) with two (two) alternative strategies for priority: (1) the utilisation of abundant and high-quality copra to increase production volume and meet the substantial and stable demand of the export market; and (2) the use of energy-efficient technology and skilled labour to support the process of modernisation of the drying technology, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the production process.