ANALYSIS OF CRIME OF AGGRESSION IN 2026 UNITED STATES AND ISRAEL MILITARY STRIKES AGAINST IRAN

Dhuha Al Qodri, Harisman Harisman

Abstract


Although the prohibition on the use of force has been established in international law, contemporary armed conflicts continue to challenge its application, particularly regarding aggression. This study aims to analyze the qualification of the 2026 military strikes by the United States and Israel against Iran as a crime of aggression under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), and to examine the use of self-defense and its implications for international law enforcement. The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by primary and secondary legal materials. The findings indicate that the military action fulfills the elements of the crime of aggression due to absence of United Nations Security Council authorization and lack of a valid self-defense justification. Furthermore, the study reveals that the expansion of self-defense, particularly preventive self-defense, poses a serious threat to international legal norms. The limitation of ICC jurisdiction weakens enforcement of international criminal law against powerful states. This study concludes that strengthening legal frameworks is essential to ensure accountability. It is recommended that international legal mechanisms be reformed to enhance consistency and fairness in addressing acts of aggression.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Barriga, Stefan dan Claus Kreß, Kejahatan Agresi: Sebuah Komentar , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Charter of the International Military Tribunal,http://www.icls.de/dokumente/imtstatute.pdf

Clark, Roger S., Negosiasi Ketentuan yang Mendefinisikan Kejahatan Agresi, Jurnal Keadilan Pidana Internasional , Vol. 8 No. 5, 2020.

Dinstein, Yoram, Perang, Agresi dan Pembelaan Diri , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.

Gerhard Kemp, Individual Criminal Liability for the International Crime of Aggression, (Dissertation of Stellenbosch University, 2008).

Ghozali, M., Posisi dan Peran Mahkamah Pidana Internasional (ICC) dalam Penyelesaian Kejahatan Internasional, Jurnal Hukum Internasional , 2025.

Gray, Christine, Hukum Internasional dan Penggunaan Kekuatan , Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.

Green, Leslie C., Hukum Kontemporer Konflik Bersenjata , Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2019.

Heller, Kevin Jon, Masa Depan yang Tidak Pasti dari Kejahatan Agresi, Jurnal Hukum Internasional Amerika , Vol. 114 No. 2, 2020.

Henderson, Christian, Penggunaan Kekerasan dan Hukum Internasional , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023.

Joachim Gewehr, Defining Aggression for the International Criminal Court, Disertation.

Koalisi Pengadilan Kriminal Internasional, Kejahatan Agresi, diakses melalui https://crimeofaggression.info pada tahun 2025.

Koskenniemi, Martti, Dari Permintaan Maaf ke Utopia , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.

Marzuki, Peter Mahmud, Penelitian Hukum , Jakarta: Kencana, 2016.

McDougall, Claus, Memperluas Yurisdiksi ICC atas Kejahatan Agresi, Jurnal Keadilan Pidana Internasional , Vol. 22 No. 3-4, 2024.

Milanović, Marko, Penggunaan Kekerasan dalam Hukum Internasional , Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.

Piagam Persatuan Bangsa-Bangsa.

Ruys, Tom, Serangan Bersenjata dan Pasal 51 Piagam PBB , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.

Shaw, Malcolm N., Hukum Internasional , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.

Soekanto, Soerjono dan Sri Mamudji, Penelitian Hukum Normatif , Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 2015.

Stahn, Carsten, Pengantar Kritis Hukum Pidana Internasional , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.

Statuta Roma Pengadilan Kriminal Internasional.

Tsagourias, Nicholas dan Nigel White, Keamanan Kolektif: Teori, Hukum dan Praktik , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.

Werle, Gerhard dan Florian Jessberger, Prinsip-Prinsip Hukum Pidana Internasional , Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.30596/nomoi.v7i1.30379

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.