APPLICATION OF ANGKOLA BATAK CUSTOMARY CRIMINAL LAW TOWARDS THE CRIMINAL ACT OF MILD THEFT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE NATIONAL CRIMINAL CODE
Abstract
Customary criminal law is a law that lives and develops in society, including in the Batak Angkola indigenous community. The application of Batak Angkola customary criminal law to the crime of petty theft has little difference from the application of conventional criminal law, especially after the issuance of the National Criminal Code which prioritizes sanctions in contrast to customary criminal law which prioritizes mediation and discussion between the two parties, in the latest national criminal code, customary law is set aside in its criminal structure, where conventional criminal law is the main point in the basis for the implementation of criminal law in Indonesia.
Based on the research results, this study discusses the position of Batak Angkola customary criminal law in the Indonesian criminal law system, its application to petty theft crimes, and its existence from the perspective of the National Criminal Code. Batak Angkola customary criminal law is recognized as a living law in society and has a complementary position in the national legal system. In practice, the resolution of petty theft crimes is carried out through customary deliberations involving traditional leaders, perpetrators, victims, and families based on the values of Dalihan Na Tolu, and provides sanctions in the form of compensation, customary fines, or social sanctions aimed at restoring social harmony. However, the implementation of customary criminal law still faces obstacles such as the influence of modernization, reduced understanding of customary values, and the dominance of national criminal law. Therefore, synergy is needed between customary law and national law so that customary law continues to exist and is effective in resolving conflicts in society.Full Text:
PDFReferences
Adenisatrawan, A. 2023. The existence of customary criminal law of the Tolaki tribe in the context of modernization. Jurnal Esensi Hukum, vol. 5. no. 5
Aliyth Prakarsa and Rena Yulia, 2023, Customary criminal law, Kencana, Jakarta.
Aliyth prakarsa, Rena Yulia, 2023, Customary Criminal Law, Semarang, Kencana.
Andika Trisno, Marlien Lapian, and Sofia Pangemanan, 2021 Application of Good Governance Principles in Public Services in Wanea District, Manado City, Jurnal Eksektufi Vol 1 No 1.
Antonius PS Wibowo, 2019, Application of Criminal Law in Handling Bullying in Schools, Jakarta, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia.
Apandi, A., D & Arifin, T. 2024. “Analysis of Theft Cases According to Article 362 of the Criminal Code and Hadith Bukhari No. 6285”. Khatulistiwa: Journal of Education and Social Humanities, Vol 4, No 2.
Arafat, MR, Pura, MH, & Taun, T. 2025. “Challenges and Opportunities for the Integration of Customary Law in the Indonesian Criminal Law System After Law Number 1 of 2023 Concerning the Criminal Code”. Proceedings Series on Social Sciences & Humanities, Vol 27, No. 7.
Aria zurnetti, 2021, the position of customary criminal law in law enforcement and its relevance to national criminal law reform, depok, rajagrafindo persada.
Ayu Efritadewi, 2020, Criminal Law, Tanjungpinang, Umrah press. Bambang Sunggono, 2018, Legal Research Methodology, Jakarta: Raja Grafika Persada.
Criminal Code No. 1 of 2023
Didik Endro Purwoleksono, 2014, Criminal Law, Surabaya, Airlangga University Press (AUP).
Eka NAM Sihombing and Cynthia Hadita, 2022, Legal Research, Malang: Setara Press.
Eki Sirojul Baehaqi, 2022, Participation in Criminal Acts, Tasikmalaya: An Nahdliyyah.
Erwin owan Hermansyah soetoto, Zulkifli Ismail, Melanie Pita Lestari, 2021, Customary Law, Madza Media, Malang.
Faisal Riza, Erwin Asmadi, 2023, Indonesian Criminal Law, Umsu Press, Medan,
Faza, AM, Putra, D., & Ritonga, R. 2021. Marriage of the Batak Angkola Clan: Implementation of Hifẓ Al-'Ird and Hifẓ Al-Nasl in Customary Sanctions. Al-Hukama': The Indonesian Journal of Islamic Family Law, Vol 11, No. 2.
Fikri, RA, Hartiwiningsih, H., & Rustamaji, M. 2024. Angkola Customary Criminal Law: Towards the Implementation of Customary Criminal Law in the Indonesian Criminal Justice System. In International Conference on Cultural Policy and Sustainable Development.
Firdaus Renuat et al, 2023, Criminal Law, Padang: CV. Gita Lentera.
Fresiella, A., Iffahdah, H., & Dodi., W. 2023. “The Crime of Petty Theft and Its Legal Efforts in the Criminal Prosecution Process”, vol 5, No. 2.
Hamdiyah. “Analysis of the Elements of the Criminal Act of Theft: A Legal Review.” Tahqiqa: Journal of Islamic Legal Thought, vol. 18 No. 1, January 2024.
Handayani, TA, & Prabowo, A. “Analysis of Customary Criminal Law in National Criminal Law.” Ius Publicum Law Journal, vol. 5, No. 2, April 2024
Hanifah, I., Hariyanto, H., Ginting, L., Koto, I., & Syafriana, R. (2026). Legal Protection of Indonesia’s Fisheries from Foreign Investment: A Social-State Approach. Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan, 14(1).
Harahap, A., Criminal Law Reform Based on Customary Law, Edutech vol 4, No 2, September 2018
Harahap, S., & Alfikri, M. (2023). Development politics of Dalihan Na Tolu in the social perspective of Batak Angkola people. JUPIIS: Journal of Social Sciences Education, vol. 15, No. 1.
Hasibuan, NH (2023). Acculturation of Islamic Law and Local Wisdom: A Study of the Shift in the Tradition of Customary Marriage Sanctions of the Angkola Batak Community.
Isnaidar, VS, & Rochmiatun, E. “Hatobangon: Its Role in the Settlement of Marriage Customs of the Batak Angkola Community.” Tanjak: History and Islamic Civilization, vol. 4, No. 2. April 2024
Koto, I., 2024, "The Existence of Customary Law in Indonesia, National Seminar on Law, Social and Economics", No. 1.
Kusyandi, A., Salsabila, S., & Murtiningsih, M. The Position of Customary Criminal Law in Indonesian Criminal Law. Yustitia, vol 9, No 2. October 2023.
Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code, State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia 2023 Number 1, Article 2.
Lubis, MTS (2021), Restorative Justice Principles in the Juvenile Penal System for Drug Offenders. In National Seminar on Social and Humanities Education Technology, No. 1.
Marcellino Lessil, Elsa Rina Maya Toule, and Denny Latumaerissa, (2022), Falsification of C1 Evidence Recapitulation in the Legislative Election Process, TATCHI: Journal of Legal Studies, No. 11
Muhaimin, 2020, Legal Research Methods, Mataram: Mataram University Press
Muhammad Sofyan & Nur Azisa, 2023, Indonesian Criminal Law, Jakarta: Kencana,
Nur Solikin 2021, Introduction to Legal Research, Pasuruan: CV. Qiara Media Publisher.
PNH Simanjuntak, 2015, Indonesian Civil Law, Jakarta, Kencana.
Pohan, M. “The Phenomenon and Factors of Marriage Between the Same Surname”. Al-Qadhafi: Journal of Islamic Law and Legislation, vol. 8, No. 1, June 2021.
Putri, FAM, Hapsari, IP, & Wardana, DJ The Crime of Petty Theft and Its Legal Efforts in the Criminal Prosecution Process. AL-MANHAJ: Journal of Islamic Law and Social Institutions, vol 5, No. 2. December 2023.
Ramadhan, L., Hajjan, N., & Putra, MH (2021). The Position of Customary Criminal Law in Indonesian Criminal Law and the Settlement of Criminal Cases Through Customary Law. Journal of Thought and Research in Social Sciences, Law and Its Teaching, 16,
Rosyadi Imron, 2022, Criminal Law, Surabaya: Revka Prima Media, Surabaya.
Sijabat, IS (2025). The Existence of Customary Criminal Law in National Criminal Law After the Ratification of the New Criminal Code. Indonesian Intellectual and Scholars Journal, No. 3,
Simanjuntak, 2023, Restorative Justice: Metamorphosis of Indonesian Local Wisdom, Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada-Rajawali Pres.
Simatupang, R. S. A., Hanifah, I., & Mansar, A. (2025). The Concept of Restitution as Legal Accountability in the Crime of Human Trafficking. Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum, 24(1), 3554-3462.
Sinaga, AH, Zega, J., Tinambunan, P., Tamba, CPM, Tampubolon, JGM, &
Sitta Saraya et.al, 2025, Criminal Law, Agam: Tri Scientific Education Foundation,
Soerjono Soekamto. 2017. “Introduction to Legal Research”. Jakarta: University of Indonesia. UIPress.
Sormin, I., Khairunnisa, M., & Rambe, DS (2024). “LEGAL PROTECTION THROUGH THE TUMBAGA HOLING LETTER INSTITUTION IN THE ANGKOLA BATAK SOCIETY”. AL-MAQASID: Journal of Sharia and Civil Sciences, No. 1.
Suheri Harahap, (2023), “Development Politics of Dalihan Na Tolu in the Social Perspective of Batak Angkola People,” Jupiis: Journal of Social Sciences Education 15, no. 1.
Suliandi. M,. & Aditama. A,. G (2023) "Legal Politics in the Creation of the New Criminal Code". No. 2
Suryani, D., & Sayuti, AT (2022). “Customary Sanctions for Marriage of the Batak Angkola Clan in Batang Angkola District, South Tapanuli Regency.” Zaaken: Journal of Civil and Business Law, No. 1,
Susanto, et.al., (2025), Customary Law in the new Indonesian criminal code: recognition or reduction, Journal of Law and Humanity, No. 1,.
Tarigan, EK, Darmayanti, E., Amaniarsih, DS, & Simatupang, BD (2024). Comparative Legal Review of the Old and New Criminal Codes. Warta Dharmawangsa, No. 3,
Tarigan,. K, E,. et.al. (2024). Comparative Legal Review of the Old and New Criminal Codes. Warta Dharmawangsa, No. 3,
The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Tiyas Vika Widyastuti, Achmad Irwan Hamzani, and Fajar Dian Aryani, 2024 Research Methodology and Writing of Legal Studies, Medan: PT. Media Penerbit Indonesia.
Yoserwan, Y. (2023). The Existence of Customary Criminal Law in National Criminal Law After the Ratification of the New Criminal Code. UNES Law Review 5, No. 4
Yuliyani, P, A., (2023), “Protection of Customary Law and Protection of Customary Law in Indonesia”, Wara Sains Law and Human Rights Journal, No. 9
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
