History of Ilmu Falak in Madura

Abstract

Astronomy is one of the branches of Islamic science that serves to determine the times of worship such as prayer, fasting, and holidays. In Madura, this science has been rooted in the pesantren tradition. This article aims to trace the history of the development of falak science in Madurese pesantren, focusing on historical aspects, institutionalization, teaching dynamics, and the relationship between kiai, pesantren, and society in the authority of falak knowledge. This research uses a qualitative-descriptive approach with a library research method, through searching primary and secondary literature related to falak science in Madurese pesantren. The results of the study show that falak science first developed in Madura through the figure of Kiai Ahmad Dahlan in Al-Karawi, then expanded to other pesantren. Although not taught in the formal curriculum, the practice of hisab and rukyat is preserved through the authority of kiai and the religious practices of pesantren. Institutionalization of falak science is seen through the existence of semi-formal institutions and non-classical teaching. In addition, the use of falak technology devices such as applications and telescopes reflects adaptation to the times. Communities around pesantren are more likely to follow the falaktic decisions made by kiai rather than the government, as a form of respect for pesantren authority. Thus, falak science in Madura is not only a science of worship, but also part of the social and cultural structure of pesantren that continues to live and develop.

Keywords: Ilmu Falak, Pesantren, Kiai