Peran Imunoterapi dalam Tatalaksana Kanker Paru Bukan Sel Kecil: Tinjauan Pustaka
Abstract
Imunoterapi telah merevolusi tatalaksana kanker paru sel bukan sel kecil (non-small cell lung cancer/NSCLC) dengan memanfaatkan sistem imun tubuh untuk melawan sel kanker. Tujuan: untuk mengevaluasi peran dan efektivitas berbagai agen imunoterapi, terutama penghambat pos pemeriksaan imun (immune checkpoint inhibitors/ICIs) seperti anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, dan anti-CTLA-4. Hasil: Data klinis menunjukkan bahwa imunoterapi secara signifikan meningkatkan angka harapan hidup (overall survival/OS) dan masa bebas progresi penyakit (progression-free survival/PFS) dibandingkan kemoterapi konvensional, baik sebagai terapi lini pertama maupun lanjutan. Penggunaan kombinasi imunoterapi dengan kemoterapi atau agen anti-angiogenesis menunjukkan hasil yang lebih optimal, terutama pada pasien dengan ekspresi PD-L1 rendah atau jenis histologi tertentu. Meskipun memberikan hasil yang menjanjikan, tantangan utama tetap ada, termasuk adanya resistensi primer dan didapat, kurangnya biomarker prediktif yang andal selain ekspresi PD-L1 dan beban mutasi tumor (tumor mutational burden/TMB), serta risiko efek samping terkait imun (immune-related adverse events/irAEs). Di Indonesia, ketersediaan pengujian biomolekuler masih terbatas dan belum sepenuhnya tercakup dalam asuransi kesehatan nasional. Kesimpulan: Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai terapi personalisasi dan mekanisme resistensi untuk mengoptimalkan manfaat imunoterapi bagi pasien NSCLC secara luas.
Kata kunci: biomarker prediktif, efikasi klinis imunoterapi, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), kanker paru sel bukan sel kecil (NSCLC).Keywords
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.30596/amj.v9i3.29205
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