The Evolution of Astronomical Instruments from the Classical Era to Digital

Abstract

The science of astronomy is closely tied to the development of astronomical instruments, which evolved in tandem with the dynamics of Islamic civilization. Classical instruments such as astrolabs, rubu' mujayyab, and mizwala play a crucial role in observing celestial bodies, determining the direction of the qibla, prayer times, and the beginning of the lunar month. This research aims to examine the evolution of astronomical instruments from the classical era to the digital era, as well as identify actual problems related to their understanding and use. The research method employed is a literature review, which involves studying classical books, Islamic science history literature, and contemporary scientific articles. The results of the study show that the development of astronomical instruments is divided into four phases: the classical era, with the dominance of manual instruments, the middle era with the improvement of instruments and astronomical table systems, the modern era with the entry of optical and mechanical instruments, and the digital era with the presence of computer software and Android-based applications. This study concludes that although the instrument of falak has undergone a significant transformation, practical knowledge of classical instruments is diminishing. Therefore, efforts are needed to revitalize and integrate classical instruments into contemporary falak education, so that the intellectual heritage of Islam is not only a historical artefact but also a relevant educational means in the digital era.